Distributed in southern Mexico and Guatemala where it has been logged and forests have been converted for agricultural use. On the IUCN Redlist, this species is listed as a variety of Pinus strobus L.
Distribution
Mexico: in Guerrero, E Puebla, Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas; Guatemala: in the departments of El Quiche and Huehuetenango. In Mexico it is most abundant in the States of Oaxaca and Chiapas; isolated occurrences are also found in Puebla, Guerrero, and Veracruz.
Subpopulations are generally small, 5 to 20ha throughout its range. The largest subpopulation at El Rincon in Oaxacana is estimated to have more than 50,000 mature individuals spread over an area of 1500ha of secondary forest (Castillo & Trujillo, 2008).
Habitat and Ecology
It occurs in the mountains of southern Mexico and Guatemala, at altitudes from 500m (but usually 800m) to 2200 metres above sea-level. It is usually found in mixed angiosperm-coniferous forest, or mixed with other pines in pine forests (less commonly). These are often cloud forests, with frequent fog, especially those ranges facing the Gulf of Mexico. Annual precipitation may exceed 3000mm. This variety experiences no frost. At low elevations it is associated with: Pinus maximinoi, P. oocarpa, P. devoniana, P. pringlei, at higher elevations with: Pinus ayacahuite, P. pseudostrobus, P. patula var. longipedunculata, P. tecunumanii and P. teocote. In wet places it also commonly occurs with Cyathaea mexicana (Dvorak et al., 2000). For a more detailed review of this variety’s ecology see Castillo et al., 2009.
Human Uses
Logging for its timber has been widespread, and although large trees are becoming rare in many locations, is still ongoing. Logs are used as beams in roofs of rural houses and buildings. The wood is used as firewood for cooking and for furniture manufacturing, and may be preferred over that of other coexisting pine species. The wood was a source of pulp for industrial papermaking in Oaxaca, before commercial exploitation was restricted. The resin is a fuel source, and is successfully applied to humans and domestic animals as an ointment in wounds and bone fractures (del Castillo & Acosta Castellanos, 2002). A resin extract is said to be helpful as an analgesic for rheumatic pain, and an inner bark infusion can be helpful against coughing (Castillo et al., 2009).
Conservation Status
Global status and rationale
Endangered B2ab(ii,iii,v)
Pinus chiapensis has a relatively large extent of occurrence. Within this area, subpopulations tend to small and isolated, with the largest subpopulations occurring in Chiapas and Oaxaca. The total area of occupancy, based on herbarium specimens representing all major localites, and using standard IUCN mapping techniques (IUCN 2011) is estimated to be 384km². Subpopulations are severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in area of occupancy, quality of habitat and probably number of mature individuals. On this basis it is assessed as Endangered under the B2 criteria.
Global threats
Although a valuable timber tree logged locally, the main reason for its decline is deforestation and/or forest degradation. In some parts of its range it has historically been overexploited for ship building / repairs. The forest area originally occupied by P. chiapensis is being cut for growing corn, coffee plantations, or for establishing pastures for cattle, drastically reducing the subpopulations. An additional cause of destruction is the introduction of exotic species, such as Casuarina equisetifolia and Cupressus lusitanica in forests dominated by P. chiapensis. Levels of threat vary between regions and subpopulations.
Conservation Actions
Pinus chiapensis requires disturbance for regeneration. In a review of recent studies relating to its exploitation and conservation status it was identified as having been one of "the most abundant tree species in early successional stands of the tropical montane cloud forest playing a key role in ecosystem regeneration particularly in areas managed under slash-and-burn practices" (Castillo et al, 2009). Well preserved landscapes tended to have smaller populations as do areas that have been largely deforested. What is required to ensure its continued presence is a careful balance of forest preservation and forest utilisation.
References and further reading
Andresen, J.W. (1964). The taxonomic status of Pinus chiapensis. Phytologia 10: 417-421.
Castillo, R.F. & S. Trujillo. (2008). Effect of inbreeding depression on outcrossing rates among populations of a tropical pine. New Phytologist 177: 517-524.
Castillo, R.F. & S. Acosta. (2002). Ethnobotanical notes on Pinus strobus var. chiapensis. Anales del Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Serie Botánica 73(2): 319-327.
Castillo, R.F., S. Trujillo-Argueta, N. Sanchez-Vargas & A.C. Newton. 2010. Genetic factors associated with population size may increase extinction risks and decrease colonization potential in a keystone tropical pine. Evolutionary Applications 4: 574-588.
Castillo, R.F., S.T. Argueta & C. Sanjez-Romero. (2009). Pinus chiapensis, a keystone species: Genetics, ecology, and conservation. Forest Ecology and Management 257: 2201-2208.
Dvorak, W.S. & Donahue, J.K. (1992). CAMCORE Cooperative Research Review 1980-1992. Forestry Department, North Carolina State University, CAMCORE (La Cooperativa de Recursos de Coníferas de Centroamérica y México), USA.
Dvorak, W.S., Gutiérrez, E.A., Hodge, G.R., Romero, J.L., Stock, J. & Rivas, O. (2000). Pinus chiapensis. Conservation & Testing of Tropical & Subtropical Forest Tree Species by the CAMCORE Cooperative, pp. 34-51. College of Natural Resources, NC. USA.
Farjon, A. (2010). A Handbook of the World's Conifers. Koninklijke Brill, Leiden.
Perry, J.P. (1991). The Pines of Mexico and Central America. Timber Press, Portland.
Santiago V., T., Ochoa G., S. & Alemán S., T. (1997). Guía para identificar pinos de la Meseta Central de Chiapas, México. Guías científicas ECOSUR.
Syring, J., R.F. Del Castillo, R. Cronn & A. Liston. (2007). Multiple nuclear loci reveal the distinctiveness of the threatened neotropical Pinus chiapensis. Systematic Botany 32(4): 703-717.
The Nature Conservancy. (1996). Natural Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data on Latin American plants, developed in collaboration with Latin American Conservation Data Centers and Missouri Botanical Garden).
Thomas, P. & Farjon, A. (2013). Pinus strobus var. chiapensis. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 13 July 2013.
Wright, J. A., A. M. Marín V. & W. S. Dvorak. (1996). Conservation and use of the Pinus chiapensis resource in Colombia. Forest Ecology and Management 88: 283-288.
